INTERNATIONAL SAFEGUARDS A DECADE AFTER IRAQ

Discovery of a clandestine nuclear weapon program in Iraq led to a series of developments, which have resulted in a major evolution of the IAEA safeguards system. Programme 93+2 defined the measures needed to strengthen the effectiveness and improve the efficiency of Agency Safeguards. The Model Additional Protocol to Safeguards Agreements provided the legal basis for important strengthening measures. The development of integrated safeguards will provide a coherent conceptual basis for implementing strengthened safeguards as effectively and efficiently as possible with constrained resources. This paper will further develop the concepts presented by the author at the INMM meetings in 1999 [1] and 2000[2]. This paper will present a review of the main developments of the past decade. In the light of the developments of the past several years, the paper will discuss: strengthened safeguards and integrated safeguards; facility focus and State focus; and detection goals. The paper will conclude with reflections, a decade after Iraq, on the evolution that is taking place in international safeguards.