Vulnerability Assessment of Passive Tamper-Indicating Seals

We examined 79 different passive, tamper-indicating seals. A number of these are in use, or under consideration, for nuclear security, nonproliferation and weapons control, radioactive waste management, and nuclear materials accountability. We learned how to spoof all the seals using rapid, low-tech methods. Cost was not a good predictor of seal security. It appears to us that many of the seals can be dramatically improved with minor, low-cost modifications. Seal users and manufacturers are encouraged to contact us to discuss specifics.