Year
2015
Abstract
When a country initiates planning or prepares to build its first nuclear facility, the safeguards infrastructure in the State may need to be adjusted to accommodate the State’s increasing safeguards responsibilities. It can be challenging for the State to ensure that the State system of accounting for and control of nuclear material (SSAC) can make the transition from limited to significant nuclear activities. This paper describes some key safeguards issues that need to be addressed by the State, assistance that can be provided by the IAEA during such a transition, and examples of steps actually taken by some States. Important matters to be addressed include the State’s safeguards agreement with the IAEA, the national legal framework for safeguards implementation, a suitably mandated and resourced State authority, and the development of the required human capacity. The State could carry out a number of activities to facilitate safeguards implementation, including: rescinding the State’s small quantities protocol (if in force); preparing an initial inventory report of nuclear material (if not yet done); establishing regulations and procedures for the preparation and submission of State declarations to the IAEA; compiling and submitting design information; concluding subsidiary arrangements with the IAEA; establishing processes for approving designated IAEA inspectors and issuing of applicable visas; and facilitating the installation of safeguards equipment. The IAEA offers assistance to nuclear power newcomers under its Nuclear Infrastructure Development Programme, including ensuring that all stakeholders are aware of their roles and responsibilities regarding safeguards. The IAEA provides support during the transition period through general events such as awareness seminars and training courses for representatives of State authorities and operators, and specific assistance such as the review of draft legislation and regulations. Good practices are shared in the IAEA’s new Safeguards Implementation Practices guides. Various guidelines and templates relating to reporting obligations and processes are available. Specific services can be provided to a State upon request, including IAEA SSAC Advisory Service missions, Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Review missions and technical visits. The IAEA has observed a number of good practices, including early initiation of the aforementioned processes, enhancing national safeguards awareness and knowledge, developing human resources in a collaborative manner, learning from experience in other States, inviting reviews and advisory services, and testing processes and systems at an early stage.