3S CULTURE, ITS MEANING AND FUTURE DIRECTION

The concept of “3S”- safety, security and safeguards- has long been referred in explaining the features of nuclear field. Most 3S concept has been used to emphasize the importance of safeguards and security as well as safety. After the Fukushima accident, interface between safety and security has been highlighted. In this paper, we will focus on the culture of 3S- safety, security and safeguards- in view of regulation. International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group (INSAG) introduced the term ‘safety culture’ in its summary report on the post-accident review meeting on the Chernobyl Accident. Since it was addressed, safety culture has long been studied. Its characteristics have been reviewed and important features have been reflected in regulations. Security has been noted after the September 11 attacks. Nuclear security summit leads the strengthening of the security including security culture. Safeguards culture, however, has not been emphasized so far. It has been studied after the collapse of the former Soviet Union. Independent states of the former Soviet Union were vulnerable to theft or diversion, and the concept of safeguards was not promoted yet. There are still not many cases for the countries to realize the importance of safeguards. Since there are rare ‘events’ which invoke the importance of security or safeguards, we need to cultivate the culture. Here, we assume that the concept of culture is core values and behaviors resulting from a collective commitment by leaders and individuals to achieve its goals. Even though we have a good mechanical system, we still need to cultivate the culture to fully utilize the system. In this paper, we will review the concept and measures to evaluate cultures of security and safeguards based on the well established safety culture.